An IoT-Enabled Ebb-and-Flow Cultivation System with Fan-Based Ventilation Control for Bucephalandra sp

Abstract

Bucephalandra sp. is a high-value aquatic ornamental plant whose cultivation in tropical climates such as Lampung is constrained by ambient temperatures that frequently exceed the 22 to 28 °C physiological range. Existing IoT and control studies for plant environments focus predominantly on common horticultural crops; the combination of ebb-and-flow subirrigation, closed-loop thermal control, and edge-node IoT monitoring on a single embedded platform remains unreported for this species. This study designed and evaluated an IoT-enabled ebb-and-flow cultivation system for Bucephalandra sp. on an ESP32-S3, integrating proportional fan ventilation control at a 26 °C setpoint with RTC-scheduled flood-drain cycling and Node-RED monitoring on a Jetson Nano edge node. After linear-regression calibration, the DHT22 achieved 99.16 % temperature accuracy and 96.14 % humidity accuracy; the DS18B20 achieved 99.22 % water-temperature accuracy. The optimal controller configuration (Kp = 500) produced 1.54 % overshoot without sustained oscillation. The flood-drain schedule maintained timing within 1 to 2 s of the reference clock, and HTTP telemetry to Google Sheets achieved 99.4 % packet storage success. One-month seedling survival of 95.9 % (209/218) indicates that the integrated platform sustained viable cultivation conditions under the tested configuration